1. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm laser tiam
Cov qauv atomic zoo li lub hnub ci me me, nrog rau lub nucleus atomic nyob hauv nruab nrab. Cov electrons yeej ib txwm tig ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus atomic, thiab lub nucleus atomic kuj tseem tig ib txwm.
Lub nucleus muaj cov protons thiab neutrons. Cov protons muaj cov nqi zoo thiab cov neutrons tsis muaj cov nqi. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov nqi zoo uas tag nrho lub nucleus nqa yog sib npaug rau tus naj npawb ntawm cov nqi tsis zoo uas tag nrho cov electrons nqa, yog li feem ntau cov atoms tsis cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb sab nraud.
Hais txog qhov hnyav ntawm ib lub atom, lub nucleus ua rau feem ntau ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm lub atom sib sau ua ke, thiab qhov hnyav uas txhua lub electrons nyob yog me me heev. Hauv cov qauv atomic, lub nucleus tsuas yog nyob hauv ib qho chaw me me xwb. Cov electrons tig ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus, thiab cov electrons muaj qhov chaw loj dua rau kev ua ub no.
Cov atom muaj "lub zog sab hauv", uas muaj ob ntu: ib qho yog tias cov electrons muaj qhov ceev ntawm lub voj voog thiab qee lub zog kinetic; qhov thib ob yog tias muaj qhov deb ntawm cov electrons uas muaj nqi tsis zoo thiab lub nucleus uas muaj nqi zoo, thiab muaj qee qhov zog muaj peev xwm. Qhov sib sau ua ke ntawm lub zog kinetic thiab lub zog muaj peev xwm ntawm txhua lub electrons yog lub zog ntawm tag nrho cov atom, uas hu ua lub zog sab hauv ntawm lub atom.
Txhua lub electrons tig ib ncig ntawm lub nucleus; qee zaum ze rau lub nucleus, lub zog ntawm cov electrons no me dua; qee zaum deb ntawm lub nucleus, lub zog ntawm cov electrons no loj dua; raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim, tib neeg faib cov txheej electron ua ntau yam "" Qib Zog "; Ntawm qee qhov " Qib Zog ", tej zaum yuav muaj ntau lub electrons ncig mus ncig los ntau zaus, thiab txhua lub electron tsis muaj lub voj voog ruaj khov, tab sis cov electrons no txhua tus muaj tib theem zog; "" Qib Zog "" raug cais tawm ntawm ib leeg. Yog lawm, lawv raug cais tawm raws li theem zog. Lub tswv yim ntawm "" theem zog "" tsis yog tsuas yog faib cov electrons ua theem raws li lub zog, tab sis kuj faib qhov chaw ncig ntawm cov electrons ua ntau theem. Hauv ntej, ib lub atom yuav muaj ntau theem zog, thiab cov theem zog sib txawv sib raug rau cov zog sib txawv; qee lub electrons ncig ntawm "" theem zog qis "" thiab qee lub electrons ncig ntawm "" theem zog siab "".
Niaj hnub nim no, cov phau ntawv kawm txog physics hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab tau cim meej meej txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm qee cov atoms, cov cai ntawm kev faib cov electron hauv txhua txheej electron, thiab tus lej ntawm cov electrons ntawm ntau qib zog sib txawv.
Hauv ib lub cev atomic, cov electrons feem ntau txav mus rau hauv cov txheej, nrog rau qee cov atoms ntawm cov qib siab zog thiab qee qhov ntawm cov qib qis zog; vim tias cov atoms ib txwm raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ib puag ncig sab nraud (kub, hluav taws xob, magnetism), cov electrons qib siab zog tsis ruaj khov thiab yuav hloov pauv mus rau qib qis zog, nws cov nyhuv yuav raug nqus, lossis nws yuav tsim cov teebmeem tshwj xeeb thiab ua rau "kev tso tawm spontaneous". Yog li ntawd, hauv lub cev atomic, thaum cov electrons qib siab zog hloov mus rau qib qis zog, yuav muaj ob qho kev tshwm sim: "kev tso tawm spontaneous" thiab "kev tso tawm stimulated".
Kev tawg hluav taws xob uas tshwm sim tas li, cov electrons hauv cov xeev muaj zog siab tsis ruaj khov thiab, cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov chaw sab nraud (kub, hluav taws xob, magnetism), hloov mus rau cov xeev qis zog, thiab lub zog ntau dhau raug tawg ua photons. Lub yam ntxwv ntawm hom kev tawg hluav taws xob no yog tias kev hloov pauv ntawm txhua lub electron yog ua tiav ywj pheej thiab yog random. Cov xeev photon ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm cov electrons sib txawv yog txawv. Kev tso tawm ntawm lub teeb yog nyob rau hauv lub xeev "incoherent" thiab muaj kev taw qhia tawg. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawg hluav taws xob muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov atoms lawv tus kheej, thiab cov spectra ntawm kev tawg hluav taws xob ntawm cov atoms sib txawv yog txawv. Hais txog qhov no, nws ua rau tib neeg nco txog kev paub yooj yim hauv physics, "Txhua yam khoom muaj peev xwm tso tawm cua sov, thiab cov khoom muaj peev xwm nqus thiab tso tawm cov nthwv dej electromagnetic tas li. Cov nthwv dej electromagnetic uas tawg los ntawm cua sov muaj qee qhov kev faib tawm spectrum. Qhov kev faib tawm spectrum no cuam tshuam nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom nws tus kheej thiab nws qhov kub." Yog li ntawd, qhov laj thawj rau qhov muaj nyob ntawm kev tawg hluav taws xob thermal yog kev tso tawm ntawm cov atoms.
Hauv kev tso tawm uas raug txhawb, cov hluav taws xob muaj zog siab hloov mus rau qib qis zog nyob rau hauv "kev txhawb" lossis "kev ua kom" ntawm "photons tsim nyog rau cov xwm txheej" thiab tso tawm photon ntawm tib lub zaus li qhov teeb meem photon. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev tawm tsam uas raug txhawb yog tias cov photons tsim los ntawm kev tawm tsam uas raug txhawb muaj tib lub xeev li cov photons tshwm sim uas tsim cov hluav taws xob uas raug txhawb. Lawv nyob rau hauv lub xeev "sib xws". Lawv muaj tib lub zaus thiab tib qho kev taw qhia, thiab nws tsis yooj yim sua kom paub qhov txawv ntawm ob qho. Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntawd. Ua li no, ib lub photon dhau los ua ob lub photons zoo sib xws los ntawm ib qho kev tawm tsam uas raug txhawb. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub teeb tau ua kom muaj zog, lossis "ua kom loj hlob".
Tam sim no cia peb tshuaj xyuas dua, cov xwm txheej twg xav tau kom tau txais kev tawm hluav taws xob ntau dua thiab ntau zaus?
Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej ib txwm, tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons nyob rau hauv qib siab zog yeej ib txwm tsawg dua li tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons nyob rau hauv qib qis zog. Yog tias koj xav kom cov atoms tsim cov hluav taws xob stimulated, koj xav kom nce tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons nyob rau hauv qib siab zog, yog li koj xav tau "qhov chaw twj tso kua mis", uas nws lub hom phiaj yog los txhawb ntau dua Muaj ntau cov electrons qib qis zog dhia mus rau qib siab zog, yog li tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons qib siab zog yuav ntau dua li tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons qib qis zog, thiab "kev hloov pauv tus lej particle" yuav tshwm sim. Muaj ntau cov electrons qib siab zog tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm luv luv xwb. Lub sijhawm yuav dhia mus rau qib qis zog, yog li qhov ua tau ntawm kev tso tawm hluav taws xob stimulated yuav nce ntxiv.
Tau kawg, "lub twj tso kua mis" yog teeb tsa rau ntau lub atoms sib txawv. Nws ua rau cov electrons "resonate" thiab tso cai rau ntau lub electrons qis zog dhia mus rau qib siab zog. Cov nyeem ntawv tuaj yeem nkag siab yooj yim, laser yog dab tsi? Laser tsim tawm li cas? Laser yog "lub teeb ci" uas "zoo siab" los ntawm cov atoms ntawm ib yam khoom nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua ntawm ib qho "twj tso kua mis". Qhov no yog laser.
Lub sijhawm tshaj tawm: Tsib Hlis-27-2024
